वाते मुंगा मोलारी - भीमणीपुत्र

                    वाते मुंगा मोलारी
                   My Swan song

           गोरमाटी भाषा व्यवहारे माईर रुढ शब्देर लारेर संस्कृती -  एक अभ्यास .!

            गोर 'बोली' छेनी तो ऊ एक सौंदर्य संपन्न 'भाषा' छ.बोली अन भाषा इ प्रस्थापित व्यवस्थार दकान ठोकरे सवायी गोरमाटी भाषानं आचे दन आयेवाळ छेनी." बोलणार्याची भाषा ऐकणार्याला कळते त्याला भाषा असे म्हणता येईल" हानू भाषातज्ञेर विवेचन छ.बोली अन भाषा इ संकल्पना थोत छ,थोतांड छ.ई धेनेम लेणू घणो गरजेर छ.
       वारसेक संस्कृत तत्सम,तद्भव अन परभाषिक शब्द गोरमाटी भाषा व्यवहारेमं आतरा पालकती मारन बेटे छ क,ओ शब्द आपणेनं आपणज गोरमाटी भाषार मालकीर विये जू वाटचं.उद:- *धुड* ई मराठी माती ये आरथेरो गोरमाटी शब्द संस्कृत *धुळ* ये शब्देरो तद्भव रुप छ जू भास वचं.येरवासं कुणसो शब्द कुणसे भाषारे शब्देरो तत्सम वा तद्भव रुप छ ? इ सिद्ध करेवासू ओ शब्देर लारेर संस्कृतीरो आसरो लेणू ई गरजेर छ.
            निरुक्ती अन व्युत्पत्ती ये शब्देर ओळख करन देयेवाळ दि शास्त्र छ.व्युत्पत्तीशास्त्र इ शब्देर तांत्रिक ओळख करन दचं तो निरुक्तीशास्त्र इ शब्देर लारेर विचार,संस्कृती कचं हानू भाषातज्ञ कचं.
       
  *वस्या > वसीया > वसराम = हारदम हारदेम वसेवाळो वसीया वा चैतन्य स्थायीभाव हारदम वसान रकाडेवाळो वसराम!* हानू ये शब्देर तांत्रिक ओळख सिद्ध वचं.

     इ.स.पू. 600 ते इ.स.पू. 350  ये कालखंडेमं गोरगणेरो 'लदेणी व्यवसाय' भरभराटीम रं.ये कालखंडमं तांडो ढळतोतो;पणन वसतोतो कोनी.रेल्वेरो आक्रमण लदेणीपं हुवो,तांडो वसेन सुरुवात वेगी.तांड जागोजाग वसेन लग्गे अन खेतीवाडी,मजूरीर पर्याय निवड लिदे.आपआपणे तांडेनं पेलीवणा कुण वसायो? तांडो वसायेवाळो कुण? ये आरथेती *दिपा नायक तांडो,चापला नायक तांडो,सक्रू नायक तांडो* हानू तांडेऊर नाम रुढ हुवो.जे तांड पांढरीर आसरेती वसे ओ तांड ओ पांढरीर गामेर नामेती ओळखायेन लग्गे.जसो मार तांडो चिचखेला!
          सांस्कृतिक नंजरेती गोरमाटी भाषार शब्देर 'मालकी' निश्चित वेणू महत्वेर छ.
            *वेस* ये गोरमाटी भाषा माईर रुढ शब्दे लारं गोरमाटी संस्कृती छ.धाटीर (संस्कृती) डिलेती दिटे तो *वेस* इ शब्द गोरमाटी भाषारो मालकीरो सिद्ध वचं.

*एक दराणी वसाणो वेयेनी मांदी तोनं,वाते करीची मोटमोटी?*

       हानू भाषा व्यवहार जना सामळीमं आवचं जना गोर धाटीरो एक डिल आपणे नंजरे मुंड्यागं हुबो रचं.गोर भाषा शब्देर सोजा लेतूवणा ओ शब्देर लारेर संस्कृतीरो डिल भी आपणेनं धेनेम लेणू गरजेर छ,ओर सवायी आपणेनं आपणे भाषा माइर शब्देर कोसा लाबेवाळ छेनी.गोरमाटी भाषार शब्देर ओळखीनं जसो तांत्रिक संदर्भ छ,जुज शब्देर ओळख सिद्ध वेयेनं  सांस्कृतिक संदर्भ भी छ.
       नवलेरीर याडीर हातेती खिले खिलाये काचळी,घागरो,ओळणी,जो नवलेरीर याडी सामूती वेतडूर याडीनं आयेर देयेरो गोर धाटीरो दंडक छ,ये आयेरेनं *वेस* इ शब्द छ.नवलेरीर याडीर हातेर निर्मिती ये आरथेती 'वेस' इ शब्द रुढ वेमेलो छ.नवलेरीर याडीनं जर वेस न वसातू आवतो विये तो पेना नवलेरीर याडीनं 25 रपीया दंड लागतोतो.खिलेर हस्तकला इ पिढी दर पिढी टकन रेणू;वसती रेणू इ ये वयीवाटेर लारेर हेतु छ.
      *वेस* ये शब्दे लारं संस्कृतीरो संदर्भ छ;करन "वेस"इ शब्द गोरमाटी भाषारो मालकीरो सिद्ध वचं.

*ई मार समदणेर हातेर वेसुला हानू केनं वेतडूर याडी मोटपणेती गर्व व्यक्त करतू तांडेमं आढळचं*

*तोडा > दोरारो तोडा* ई गोरमाटी भाषा व्यवहारे माईरो रुढ शब्द इ संस्कृत *तंतू* ये शब्देरो तद्भव रुप करन भास वचं;पणन सांस्कृतिक नंजरेती दिटे तो *तोडा* ये शब्दरो बिघडो हुवो रुप *तडू* इ शब्द *शिंग* ये आरथेती गोर धाटीमं मुंड्यागं आतू दखावचं. *वे + तडू > बे + तडू = दोन शिंग असलेला नवरदेव* हानू *तडू* ये शब्देरो आरथ सांस्कृतिक नंजरेती गोरमाटी भाषानं अभिप्रेत छ.
       आज भी कयिक संस्कृतीमं शिंगेर प्रतिक करन वाया माई वेतडू नवलेरीर माथेपं *बाशिंग* भांदेर वयीवाट छ. *बाशिंग > बे+ शिंग* हानू इ बाशिंग ये शब्दरो अपभ्रंश रुप छ.
      पेना मोटमोटे नायक,कारभारी,वचारी शिंगेर प्रतिक करन आपणे फटकामं "चांदीर तोडा"खसोडतेते.क्रांतीसिंह सेवादास महाराज भी *तोडावाळो* ये नामेती व्यक्त वेमेलो छ."पशुपतीरो शृंगाकृती शिरोभूषणेर प्रतिक करन भितीयुक्त आदर भाव व्यक्त करेसारु गोर याडी आटीचोटलामं शिंग भांदचं.
              "शिंग म्हणजे विश्वातील शास्वत विपुलता,भवितव्य,संधी,यश इ.चांगल्या गोष्टीचा अव्याहत स्त्रोत असल्याचे मानले जाते".हानू जेष्ठ विचारवंत अशोक राणा कचं.शिंग इ यश,विपुलतार प्रतिक करन समनक पूजा माईर चोको चिन्हेपं शिंगेर प्रतिक करन दि खेराळीर नानकी नानकी लकडी मेलेर प्रथा गोर धाटीम पेना रुढ रं हानू डायसाण कचं.करन धरती - निऋती ये मातृदेवतानं विपूल धनधान्य देयेवाळ *माया सगळती* कतो संगळती इ नाम रुढ हुवो छ.
     वेतडू अन गोर याडीभेनेऊर माथे परेर शिंगाकृती शिरोभूषणेरो अदिबंद थेट सिंधू संस्कृतीन जान भिडचं.
      तात्पर्य आतराज क, *तोडा* इ गोर भाषा माईर शब्द *तडू* (शिंग) ये शब्दरो अपभ्रंश रुप छ.संस्कृत *तंतू* ये शब्दोरो तद्भव रुप छेनी."तोडा"ये शब्देर व्युत्पत्ती इ "तंतू"ये शब्दे परेन हुयी छ इ व्युत्पत्ती सांस्कृतिक नंजरेती निराधार ठरचं.
      गोरमाटी भाषा इ आदिम छ,"गीद"इ गोरमाटी भाषारो जन्मसिद्धांत छ.ऊ कुणसीज भाषार ऊपबोली छेनी तो ऊलट संस्कृत भाषा इ गोरमाटी भाषा  शब्देर बळेपं विकसित वेमेली छ. *धुळ* इ शब्द गोरमाटी भाषा व्यवहारे माईर *धुड* ये शब्देरो बिघडो हुवो रुप सिद्ध वचं. *धुड* इ शब्द मराठी *माती* ये आरथेती सिद्ध वचं. *धुळ* ये शब्देरो नातो मराठी "माती"ये शब्देती छ;पणन "धुळ"इ शब्द मराठी "माती"ये आरथेती व्यक्त वेयेनी. *धुड* ई गोरमाटी भाषा शब्द मराठी  *माती* ये आरथेती व्यक्त वचं.
  ये संदर्भेमं जेष्ठ अभ्यासक आत्माराम कनिराम राठोडेर संदर्भ घणो मोलेर ठरचं. ओरो केणो छ क, "कित्येक शब्दाचे मूळ बंजारा बोलीत शोधता येईल. उद:- दिवस हा शब्द बंजारा बोलीतील 'दन' या शब्दा पासून आलेला दिसतो.(दन > दिन) आजचे नक्षत्र, शुक्रवार,आश्लेषा,प्रहर,प्रभात हे बंजारा बोलीतील अनुक्रमे नकेतर, सकरवार,आसळका,पोर,परभाती या शब्द  पासून आलेले दिसतात." मार मतेनं इ संदर्भ हिंमत दचं.
         *आसाडो* - वर्षा ऋतुनं गोरमाटी भाषामं आसाडो कचं.मराठी गर्भवती  ये शब्देसारु गोर भाषामं *आसाती* ई शब्द संकेत रुढ छ.पृथ्वीनं "प्रसवधर्मिणी"केमेले छ.आसाडेर घातू धरती याडी "आसाती" रचं ये  संकल्पना माईती *आसाडो* ई शब्द गोर भाषा व्यवहारेमं रुढ हुवो छ.संस्कृत *आषाढ* ई शब्द गोरमाटी भाषा व्यवहारे माईर *आसाडो* ये शब्दे उसनवारी माईती रुढ वेमेलो छ.
          हानू गोरमाटी भाषा व्यवहारे माईर रुढ शब्देर व्युत्पत्तीर सोजा लेतू आवचं.सांस्कृतिक अन तांत्रिक ओळखीर नंजरेती गोरमाटी भाषा माईर शब्दे ओळख वेणू इ घणो महत्वेर छ.येर सवायी गोरमाटी भाषारो स्वतंत्र अस्तित्व सिद्ध करतू आयेवाळो छेनी...!

संदर्भ  -  1,- गोरमाटी संस्कृती आणि संकेत           
            2,- गोरपान गोरबोलीतील भाषा सौंदर्य
                   भीमणीपुत्र
            3,- देशो- देशीच्या लक्ष्मी -अशोक राणा                                                                   
            4,- उपयोजित मराठी
                  प्रा.डाॅ.शंकरानंद येडले
            5,- बंजारा समाज  साहित्य आणि संस्कृती
                प्रा.डाॅ.प्रकाश राठोड
   
                                         भीमणीपुत्र
                                                                                                                     मोहन गणुजी नायक
                                                                 

Speech Writing

Q- Vll  B) 
Prepare a speech on Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Campaign)  
                                                           (3) marks

   First of all I would like to say good morning to the respected teachers and you all my friends. I am very grateful to my class teacher that he trust on me and gave me a chance to show my talent of speech in front of you. I have selected the topic of Swachh Bharat Mission, a Clean India Campaign because of its necessity and big responsibility of all of us. It is a mass movement run by the government to make India, Clean India by 2019. Mahatma Gandhi, who is also known as Bapu or father of the nation, has always emphasised people on swachhta for their healthy and prosperous life however could not became so effective because of the improper co-operation of the people.

    Keeping in mind about India’s cleanliness and health, Indian government has launched a campaign called swachh bharat mission on 2nd of October in 2014 (145th birth anniversary of Bapu) and aimed to be completed till 2nd of October 2019 (150th birth anniversary of Bapu). This mission is implemented to cover all the rural and urban areas for maintaining the cleanliness all over India. The Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi has said while launching the mission that, “I do not make any claim that only the newly elected government has done everything. All governments have done something or the other to achieve cleanliness in the country; I greet all of them for this. Swachh Bharat mission is beyond politics. It is inspired by patriotism and not politics.”

    Cleanliness is not limited to any person or place, it is the responsibility of everyone to clean themselves as well as their surroundings to really make India a clean India in near future. It is the combined responsibility of 1.3 billion people living in the country. In order to make this campaign an effective and successful mission, Indian Prime Minister has planned to make a chain of nine people. On the day of launch of mission, PM has nominated nine Indian personalities to involve in the mission in their own areas in order to initiate this campaign. He also requested to them to again call another nine people to join the campaign to continue this chain till the message of campaign reaches to everyone in all corners of country.

    The aim of this campaign is to maintain cleanliness and hygiene all around the India by completely eliminating the open defecation in country. The maintenance of cleanliness and hygiene in India would bring the great opportunity in country to enhance its economic status by improving the tourism to India as well as keeping its citizens healthy and happy. Cleanliness would keep everyone happy and healthy in all aspect physically, mentally, socially and intellectually by reducing the chance of diseases.

Clean India, Disease Free and Economically Strong India.

    Jai Hind, Jai Bharat.

Compiled by- Prof.Dinesh S.Rathod(Mod.)

               profdineshrathod@gmail.com 

            http://profdineshrathod.blogspot.com

Prefixes and Suffixes in English

                             Prefixes

Prefixes are the letter/s which sit before a stem to make new words. These letters are also called affixes.

  Affixes generally have no meaning by their own but can form meaningful words by sitting before/after the stems. In the case of prefixed words, affixes sit before the stems of the words.  

“A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word.” – Wilson (2011)

A prefix is “a letter or group of letters that is added at the beginning of a word to change its meaning.” – Merriam Webster.

Example:

• Prefix = ‘fix’ is a stem and ‘pre’ is a prefix which changes the meaning of the stem and creates a new word.
• Antibiotic
• Awake
• Symphony
• Hemisphere

List of Common Prefixes:

Prefix	Meaning	Examples
a	on in from up not without	aboard (onboard) asleep (in sleep) arise (rise from) awake (wake up) atheist (not a theist) apathy (without pathy)
ab	bad not	abuse (bad use) abnormal (not normal)
ad	to	adjoin (to join)
ante	before	antedate (before date)
anti	against opposite of	antiseptic (against septic) anticlimax (opposite of climax)
auto	self	autobiography (self-biography)
bi	two	bilateral (two sides)
co	with	co-exist (exist with)
de	down reversal	detrain (down train) demerit
di	two	dioxide (two oxides)
dia	through	diameter
dis	not opposite	disallowed (not allowed) dishonor (opposite of honor)
en	on in	enact (on action) encage (in the cage)
ex	out of former	extract (out of anything) ex-student
il	opposite of	illegal (opposite of legal)
im	the opposite of	impossible (opposite of possible)
in	the opposite of	inability (opposite of ability)
ir	the opposite of	irrational (opposite of rational)
inter	within	interschool (within the school)
fore	before	foretell (telling before)
hemi	half	hemisphere (half sphere)
homo	like/same	homogeneous (same species)
hyper	beyond/over	hypersensitive (oversensitive)
hypo	under	hypothesis (under thesis)
mal	bad ill	malpractice (bad practice) malnutrition (ill nutrition)
mis	bad	misconduct (bad conduct)
mono	single	monologue (single logue)
non	not/opposite	nonsense (opposite of sense)
post	after	postmodern (after modern)
pre	before	pretext (before text)
peri	round	perimeter (round meter)
re	again	regain (again gain)
semi	half	semifinal (half final)
sub	backup/alternate	subway (alternate way)
super	over/beyond	supernatural (beyond natural)
to	this	today (this day)
trans	across	transform (across form)
ultra	beyond	ultramodern (beyond modern)
un	not/opposite	unable (not able)
vice	alternative of	vice-captain (alternative of captain)

                                Suffixes 

Suffixes are the letter/s which are added at the end of a stem to make new words. The affixes used in the suffixed words are different from the affixes used in the prefixed words, and they make different kinds of words.

Most of the affixes that are used in the suffixed words have no meaning of their own.

“A suffix (also called ending) is an affix that is placed after the stem of a word.”
– Wikipedia

Example:

Reader = ‘read’ is the stem of the word which has different meaning and different grammatical function in a sentence but the affix ‘er’ changes both the meaning and the grammatical function of the word to make a new word.

• Reading
• Readable
• Creator
• Creation

Note: It is not necessary that a suffix change both meaning and grammatical property of the words. It can perform either of them.

List of Common Suffixes

A suffix can make a word/stem of a word a noun, verb, adverb, or adjective. A suffix can also make a transition in the degree of an adjective or in the tense of a verb.

Noun Suffixes
Suffix	Meaning	Example
-age	a condition	leakage, bondage, marriage
-al	an action	denial, removal, approval
-ar	one who performs the action	beggar, liar, scholar
-cy	state quality	urgency, emergency, fallacy accuracy, decency, lunacy
-dom	place state of being	kingdom, dukedom, earldom boredom, freedom, stardom
-ee	one who performs an action	interviewee, internee, employee, nominee
-er	one who performs the action	reader, driver, maker, painter
-hood	state of being	boyhood, childhood, manhood
-ion	condition	union, opinion
-ism	doctrine or belief	marxism, Sufism, egotism
-ist	one who is something	dentist, chemist, Marxist, atheist
-ice	the result of an action	service, cowardice
-logy	theory	biology, geology, ecology
-ment	the condition of an action	acknowledgement, punishment, agreement
-on/en/an	doer	artisan, citizen, surgeon
-ness	state of being	sadness, happiness, rudeness, business
-nce	state quality	abundance, absence, presence brilliance, endurance, obidience
-or	one who performs the action	creator, supervisor, sailor
-ship	position held	internship, partnership, kinship
-sion	state of being	illusion, inclusion, extension
-tion	state of being	creation, information, confirmation
-tude	result of an action	fortitude, magnitude, servitude
-ty	quality state	flexibility, sensibility, frailtyserenity, safety, reality
Verb Suffixes
-ate	do	captivate, annihilate, exterminate
-en	do	broaden, awaken, strengthen
-er	do	chatter, glitter, glimmer
-ish	do	publish, nourish, punish, banish
-fy	make	rectify, simplify, amplify
-ize	become	humanize, organize, socialize, legalize
Adjective Suffixes
-able	capable of being	presentable, readable, believable
-al	belonging to	legal, local, mental, mortal, fatal, musical
-ar	quality	familiar, regular, circular
-ed	quality	gifted, talented, learned, cultured
-en	made of	golden, wooden, woolen, leaden
-ful	notable for	beautiful, wonderful, doubtful
-ible	capable of	admissible, divisible, sensible
-ic	pertaining to	allergic, mythic, domestic, historic
-ish	belonging to	selfish, Turkish, Irish, Polish, childish
-istic	characterized by an attribute	fantastic, pessimistic, optimistic, sarcastic
-ile	having the nature of	fragile, juvenile, servile
-ian/an	belonging to	Indian, American, Russian, Victorian
-ive	having the nature of	creative, punitive, divisive, decisive
-less	without	fearless, helpless, endless, tireless
-ous	characterized by an attribute	studious, pious, religious, joyous
-y	characterized by	smelly, healthy, greedy, wealthy

              Compiled By- Prof. D. S. Rathod (Mod).   
                                                                                     

 Remembrance Of Gor-Banjara’s  Heroism On Behalf Of Independence Day

  In a Hindi song,........

                 Yado  ke Chandan Van Me

                 Purva  Ghungru  Chhankaye

                Ghar  Aangan  Payar Lutate

                        Banjara Gata Jaye….

Indian Gor-Banara’s history is ancient as well as glorious. It is believed that they are descendants of courageous and mighty lineage of Rajasthan. Veer Rasa in Gor-Boli folk-literature, there is a creation of permanent resemblance, such as heroism is given in many folksongs. This Rasa in folksong is produced with the enthusiasm of doing very hard work. Therefore, its sustainability is enthusiasm. We see that sister called her brother as a ‘Virena’, therefore brother develop a sense of enthusiasm in order to do war, to protect people by doing hard work, in which it is said to be able to win over the enemy and win victory. Holi and Teej festival songs are mainly filled with ‘Veer Rasa’. Hence, we get the pleasure that comes from reading or listening to the folksongs. The following verse form suited to the treatment of heroic and Gor-Banjara are relating to the characteristics of heroes of antiquity.

E.g. 

            Indu  Gadero  Pad Lutayo

Pukar  Padgo  Bhartem…

Bayi...... Baju  Mero  Yun  Ladhe !

Jatya  Ladhe  Khutaye  Mungri

Fatiya  Ladhe  Hatiyar

Bayi...... Baju  Maro  Yun  Ladhe !

Bajuri  Bhen  Mandave  Povn

Ma  Varsave  Ghi

Bayi....... Baju  Maro Yun  Ladhe !

Connation:

When the mountain, Indugad (fort) was being robbed or looted, there was a whole hazard to protect Indugad. Gor-Banjara people fought with courage and dangerous threat. However, foreign enemies had enough weapons and despite strong enemies, they fought bravely to protect, mother India with the help of ‘Mogri’ (wooden hammer) and rod. Our sister used to send ‘Manda, Patli Lapad’ (chappati) and ghee for brave soldiers at the battleground. By eating chappati, brave Banjara soldiers resisted for victory...Yun Ladhe !

Gor-Banjara dance and folk song are found in primitive community. Folksongs are their inseparable parts of life and their culture is communicated from one generation to another through various folksongs. It is a means of recreation for them and their sentiments are displayed.

Their lives are tied to the soil and nature of the place where they live. There is the effect of the geographical situation of their places and lives. Their one generation was plundered their lamentation and yowl. Gor-Banjara were mostly inspired by patriotic deed and love for India.  All these things impress their folksongs also. Gor-Banjara’s primitive and past life is depicted in the series of picturesque in the above folksong.

On the basis of this folksong many researcher assumed that primitive Gor-Banjara were almost looted. However, the period of the fight is not clearly mentioned, but people who fought with them by weapons were ‘Fatiya’.  By this, it is definitely guessed that the Gor-Boli word, ‘Fatiya’ means travelers who passed wandering life. So it is being guessed that people who invaded on the fort, Indugad were not the native people of this country whereas they were wandering travelers, means Aryas...

The line, ‘Ladhe Khutaye Mungri’ is inspiring quotation for future generation to fight for the country. Though enemies had strong weapons, our Gor ancestors fought bravely without weapons. They fought for nation, and got protection. This emotionalism is provoked through this folksong.

 E.g.

            Jalya  Ladhe  khutaya  Mungri

Fatiya  Ladhe  Hatiyar

Baju   Mar  Yun  Ladhe

Pukar  Padge  Bhartem

Bayi..... Baju  Mar  Yun  Ldahe ..!

      In this folksong, by using ‘Mungri,Khuta’ (wooden tools)  as a weapons ,Gor-Banjara community fought to protect mother India. This heroic deed shows their love for country and willingness and readiness to sacrifice for it. There is passion and zeal in the each word of this folksong is sustaining and wholesome for Veer Rasa. The structure, ‘Baju Mar You Ladhe’ is in a patriotic manner. Therefore, patriotism, loyalty, trust and constancy are the quality and feature of this folksong. This folksong is praiseful due to its magnificent, splendid appearance, sublimity and grandeur.

Due to some artificial and corrupt word, there is deformity in some folksong. Nevertheless, it has basic properties in it; thousands of year’s later Gor-Banjara’s folksongs are fresh, delightful and captivating.

Lets preserve our such many verses as existed in Tanda to Tanda...*  

For more details…Read my book  Cell- 9404372756

    http://bluerosepublishers.com/product/bhimniputras-gorpan-lingustic-beauty-gor-boli-dialect

*Source - Bhimniputra's  GORPAN :The Linguistic Beauty In Gor-Boli Dialect   

                 International Book-

              ISBN - 978-93-87538-88-7

Available on online web portal Amazon,flipcart, shopclues and bluerose

     

  Author/Analyst - Prof.Dinesh S. Rathod

Use of have to/must

USE  OF 'HAVE' TO..'MUST

------------------------------------------------

have to, must

Have to is NOT an auxiliary verb (it uses the verb have as a main verb). We include have tohere for convenience.

Must is a modal auxiliary verb.

have to for objective obligation

must for subjective obligation

must not for prohibition

have to for objective obligation

We often use have to to say that something is obligatory, for example:

• Children have to go to school.

Note that we can use the have to expression in all tenses, for example: he has to, he had to, he has had to, he will have to

Structure of have to

Have to is often grouped with modal auxiliary verbs for convenience, but in fact it is not a modal verb. It is not even an auxiliary verb. In the have to structure, "have" is a main verb.

The basic structure for have to is:

subject

+

auxiliary verb

+

have

+

to-infinitive

Look at these examples in the Present Simple tense:

	subject	auxiliary verb	main verb have	to-infinitive
+	She		has	to work.
-	I	do not	have	to see	the doctor.
?	Did	you	have	to go	to school?

Use of have to

In general, have to expresses impersonalobligation. The subject of have to is obliged or forced to act by a separate, external power (for example, the Law or school rules). Have to is objective. Look at these examples:

• In France, you have to drive on the right.
• In England, most schoolchildren have towear a uniform.
• John has to wear a tie at work.

In each of the above cases, the obligation is not the subject's opinion or idea. The obligation comes from outside.

We can use have to in all tenses, and also with modal auxiliaries. We conjugate it just like any other main verb. Here are some examples:

	subject	auxiliary verb	main verb have	to-infinitive
Past Simple	I		had	to work	yesterday.
Present Simple	I		have	to work	today.
Future Simple	I	will	have	to work	tomorrow.
Present Continuous	She	is	having	to wait.
Present Perfect	We	have	had	tochange	the time.
modal may	They	may	have	to do	it again.

must for subjective obligation

We often use must to say that something is essential or necessary, for example:

• I must go.

Structure of must

Must is a modal auxiliary verb. It is followed by a main verb.
The basic structure for must is:

subject

+

auxiliary verb must

+

main verb base

The main verb is always the same form: base
Look at these examples:

subject	auxiliary verb must	main verb base
I	must	go	home.
You	must	visit	us.
We	must	stop	now.

Like all auxiliary verbs, must cannot be followed by to. So, we say:

• I must go now.
  not I must to go now.

Use of must

Ingeneral, must expresses personalobligation. Must expresses what the speakerthinks is necessary. Must is subjective. Look at these examples:

• I must stop smoking.
• You must visit us soon.
• He must work harder.

In each of the above cases, the "obligation" is the opinion or idea of the person speaking. In fact, it is not a real obligation. It is not imposed from outside.

It is sometimes possible to use must for real obligation, for example a rule or a law. But generally we use have to for this.

We can use must to talk about the present or the future. Look at these examples:

• I must go now. (present)
• I must call my mother tomorrow. (future)

We cannot use must to talk about the past. We use have to to talk about the past.

must not for prohibition

We use must not to say that something is not permitted or allowed, for example:

• Passengers must not talk to the driver.

Structure of must not

Must is an auxiliary verb. It is followed by amain verb.
The basic structure for must not is:

subject

+

must not

+

main verb

The main verb is the base verb.

We often contract must not to mustn't.

Look at these examples:

subject	auxiliary must + not	main verb
I	mustn't	forget	my keys.
You	mustn't	disturb	him.
Students	must not	be	late.

NB: like all auxiliary verbs, must CANNOT be followed by to. So, we say:

• You mustn't arrive late.
  not You mustn't to arrive late.

Use of must not

Must not expresses prohibition - something that is not permitted, not allowed. The prohibition can be subjective (the speaker's opinion) or objective (a real law or rule). Look at these examples:

• I mustn't eat so much sugar. (subjective)
• You mustn't watch so much television. (subjective)
• Students must not leave bicycles here. (objective)
• Policemen must not drink on duty. (objective)

We can use must not to talk about the present or the future:

• Visitors must not smoke. (present)
• I mustn't forget Tara's birthday. (future)

We cannot use must not to talk about the past. We use other structures to talk about the past, for example:

• We were not allowed to enter.
• I couldn't park outside the shop

Irregular Verbs

                         Irregular Verbs

 Irregular verbs are verbs that don’t take on the regular –d, -ed, or -ied spelling patterns of the past simple (V2) or past participle
(V3). Many of the irregular V2 and V3 forms are the same, such as: cut – cut, had – had, let – let, hurt – hurt, fed- fed, sold-sold
Irregular verbs are also known as strong verbs which are useful in English

Infinitive	Simple Past	Past Participle
A
arise	arose	arisen
awake	awakened / awoke	awakened / awoken
B
backslide	backslid	backslidden / backslid
be	was, were	been
bear	bore	born / borne
beat	beat	beaten / beat
become	became	become
begin	began	begun
bend	bent	bent
bet	bet / betted	bet / betted
bid (farewell)	bid / bade	bidden
bid (offer amount)	bid	bid
bind	bound	bound
bite	bit	bitten
bleed	bled	bled
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
breed	bred	bred
bring	brought	brought
broadcast	broadcast / broadcasted	broadcast / broadcasted
browbeat	browbeat	browbeaten / browbeat
build	built	built
burn	burned / burnt	burned / burnt
burst	burst	burst
bust	busted / bust	busted / bust
buy	bought	bought
C
cast	cast	cast
catch	caught	caught
choose	chose	chosen
cling	clung	clung
clothe	clothed / clad	clothed / clad
come	came	come
cost	cost	cost
creep	crept	crept
crossbreed	crossbred	crossbred
cut	cut	cut
D
daydream	daydreamed / daydreamt	daydreamed / daydreamt
deal	dealt	dealt
dig	dug	dug
disprove	disproved	disproved / disproven
dive (jump head-first)	dove / dived	dived
dive (scuba diving)	dived / dove	dived
do	did	done
draw	drew	drawn
dream	dreamed / dreamt	dreamed / dreamt
drink	drank	drunk
drive	drove	driven
dwell	dwelt / dwelled	dwelt / dwelled
E
eat	ate	eaten
F
fall	fell	fallen
feed	fed	fed
feel	felt	felt
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
fit (tailor, change size)	fitted / fit	fitted / fit
fit (be right size)	fit / fitted	fit / fitted
flee	fled	fled
fling	flung	flung
fly	flew	flown
forbid	forbade	forbidden
forecast	forecast	forecast
forego (also forgo)	forewent	foregone
foresee	foresaw	foreseen
foretell	foretold	foretold
forget	forgot	forgotten / forgot
forgive	forgave	forgiven
forsake	forsook	forsaken
freeze	froze	frozen
frostbite	frostbit	frostbitten
G
get	got	gotten / got
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
grind	ground	ground
grow	grew	grown
H
hand-feed	hand-fed	hand-fed
handwrite	handwrote	handwritten
hang	hung	hung
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
hew	hewed	hewn / hewed
hide	hid	hidden
hit	hit	hit
hold	held	held
hurt	hurt	hurt
I
inbreed	inbred	inbred
inlay	inlaid	inlaid
input	input / inputted	input / inputted
interbreed	interbred	interbred
interweave	interwove / interweaved	interwoven / interweaved
interwind	interwound	interwound
J
jerry-build	jerry-built	jerry-built
K
keep	kept	kept
kneel	knelt / kneeled	knelt / kneeled
knit	knitted / knit	knitted / knit
know	knew	known
L
lay	laid	laid
lead	led	led
lean	leaned / leant	leaned / leant
leap	leaped / leapt	leaped / leapt
learn	learned / learnt	learned / learnt
leave	left	left
lend	lent	lent
let	let	let
lie	lay	lain
lie (not tell truth) REGULAR	lied	lied
light	lit / lighted	lit / lighted
lip-read	lip-read	lip-read
lose	lost	lost
M
make	made	made
mean	meant	meant
meet	met	met
miscast	miscast	miscast
misdeal	misdealt	misdealt
misdo	misdid	misdone
mishear	misheard	misheard
mislay	mislaid	mislaid
mislead	misled	misled
mislearn	mislearned / mislearnt	mislearned / mislearnt
misread	misread	misread
misset	misset	misset
misspeak	misspoke	misspoken
misspell	misspelled / misspelt	misspelled / misspelt
misspend	misspent	misspent
mistake	mistook	mistaken
misteach	mistaught	mistaught
misunderstand	misunderstood	misunderstood
miswrite	miswrote	miswritten
mow	mowed	mowed / mown
N
No irregular verbs beginning with "N."
O
offset	offset	offset
outbid	outbid	outbid
outbreed	outbred	outbred
outdo	outdid	outdone
outdraw	outdrew	outdrawn
outdrink	outdrank	outdrunk
outdrive	outdrove	outdriven
outfight	outfought	outfought
outfly	outflew	outflown
outgrow	outgrew	outgrown
outleap	outleaped / outleapt	outleaped / outleapt
outlie (not tell truth) REGULAR	outlied	outlied
outride	outrode	outridden
outrun	outran	outrun
outsell	outsold	outsold
outshine	outshined / outshone	outshined / outshone
outshoot	outshot	outshot
outsing	outsang	outsung
outsit	outsat	outsat
outsleep	outslept	outslept
outsmell	outsmelled / outsmelt	outsmelled / outsmelt
outspeak	outspoke	outspoken
outspeed	outsped	outsped
outspend	outspent	outspent
outswear	outswore	outsworn
outswim	outswam	outswum
outthink	outthought	outthought
outthrow	outthrew	outthrown
outwrite	outwrote	outwritten
overbid	overbid	overbid
overbreed	overbred	overbred
overbuild	overbuilt	overbuilt
overbuy	overbought	overbought
overcome	overcame	overcome
overdo	overdid	overdone
overdraw	overdrew	overdrawn
overdrink	overdrank	overdrunk
overeat	overate	overeaten
overfeed	overfed	overfed
overhang	overhung	overhung
overhear	overheard	overheard
overlay	overlaid	overlaid
overpay	overpaid	overpaid
override	overrode	overridden
overrun	overran	overrun
oversee	oversaw	overseen
oversell	oversold	oversold
oversew	oversewed	oversewn / oversewed
overshoot	overshot	overshot
oversleep	overslept	overslept
overspeak	overspoke	overspoken
overspend	overspent	overspent
overspill	overspilled / overspilt	overspilled / overspilt
overtake	overtook	overtaken
overthink	overthought	overthought
overthrow	overthrew	overthrown
overwind	overwound	overwound
overwrite	overwrote	overwritten
P
partake	partook	partaken
pay	paid	paid
plead	pleaded / pled	pleaded / pled
prebuild	prebuilt	prebuilt
predo	predid	predone
premake	premade	premade
prepay	prepaid	prepaid
presell	presold	presold
preset	preset	preset
preshrink	preshrank	preshrunk
proofread	proofread	proofread
prove	proved	proven / proved
put	put	put
Q
quick-freeze	quick-froze	quick-frozen
quit	quit / quitted	quit / quitted
R
read	read (sounds like "red")	read (sounds like "red")
reawake	reawoke	reawaken
rebid	rebid	rebid
rebind	rebound	rebound
rebroadcast	rebroadcast / rebroadcasted	rebroadcast / rebroadcasted
rebuild	rebuilt	rebuilt
recast	recast	recast
recut	recut	recut
redeal	redealt	redealt
redo	redid	redone
redraw	redrew	redrawn
refit (replace parts)	refit / refitted	refit / refitted
refit (retailor)	refitted / refit	refitted / refit
regrind	reground	reground
regrow	regrew	regrown
rehang	rehung	rehung
rehear	reheard	reheard
reknit	reknitted / reknit	reknitted / reknit
relay (for example tiles)	relaid	relaid
relay (pass along) REGULAR	relayed	relayed
relearn	relearned / relearnt	relearned / relearnt
relight	relit / relighted	relit / relighted
remake	remade	remade
repay	repaid	repaid
reread	reread	reread
rerun	reran	rerun
resell	resold	resold
resend	resent	resent
reset	reset	reset
resew	resewed	resewn / resewed
retake	retook	retaken
reteach	retaught	retaught
retear	retore	retorn
retell	retold	retold
rethink	rethought	rethought
retread	retread	retread
retrofit	retrofitted / retrofit	retrofitted / retrofit
rewake	rewoke / rewaked	rewaken / rewaked
rewear	rewore	reworn
reweave	rewove / reweaved	rewoven / reweaved
rewed	rewed / rewedded	rewed / rewedded
rewet	rewet / rewetted	rewet / rewetted
rewin	rewon	rewon
rewind	rewound	rewound
rewrite	rewrote	rewritten
rid	rid	rid
ride	rode	ridden
ring	rang	rung
rise	rose	risen
roughcast	roughcast	roughcast
run	ran	run
S
sand-cast	sand-cast	sand-cast
saw	sawed	sawed / sawn
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
seek	sought	sought
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
set	set	set
sew	sewed	sewn / sewed
shake	shook	shaken
shave	shaved	shaved / shaven
shear	sheared	sheared / shorn
shed	shed	shed
shine	shined / shone	shined / shone
shit	shit / shat / shitted	shit/ shat / shitted
shoot	shot	shot
show	showed	shown / showed
shrink	shrank / shrunk	shrunk
shut	shut	shut
sight-read	sight-read	sight-read
sing	sang	sung
sink	sank / sunk	sunk
sit	sat	sat
slay (kill)	slew / slayed	slain / slayed
slay (amuse) REGULAR	slayed	slayed
sleep	slept	slept
slide	slid	slid
sling	slung	slung
slink	slinked / slunk	slinked / slunk
slit	slit	slit
smell	smelled / smelt	smelled / smelt
sneak	sneaked / snuck	sneaked / snuck
sow	sowed	sown / sowed
speak	spoke	spoken
speed	sped / speeded	sped / speeded
spell	spelled / spelt	spelled / spelt
spend	spent	spent
spill	spilled / spilt	spilled / spilt
spin	spun	spun
spit	spit / spat	spit / spat
split	split	split
spoil	spoiled / spoilt	spoiled / spoilt
spoon-feed	spoon-fed	spoon-fed
spread	spread	spread
spring	sprang / sprung	sprung
stand	stood	stood
steal	stole	stolen
stick	stuck	stuck
sting	stung	stung
stink	stunk / stank	stunk
strew	strewed	strewn / strewed
stride	strode	stridden
strike (delete)	struck	stricken
strike (hit)	struck	struck / stricken
string	strung	strung
strive	strove / strived	striven / strived
sublet	sublet	sublet
sunburn	sunburned / sunburnt	sunburned / sunburnt
swear	swore	sworn
sweat	sweat / sweated	sweat / sweated
sweep	swept	swept
swell	swelled	swollen / swelled
swim	swam	swum
swing	swung	swung
T
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tear	tore	torn
telecast	telecast	telecast
tell	told	told
test-drive	test-drove	test-driven
test-fly	test-flew	test-flown
think	thought	thought
throw	threw	thrown
thrust	thrust	thrust
tread	trod	trodden / trod
typecast	typecast	typecast
typeset	typeset	typeset
typewrite	typewrote	typewritten
U
unbend	unbent	unbent
unbind	unbound	unbound
unclothe	unclothed / unclad	unclothed / unclad
underbid	underbid	underbid
undercut	undercut	undercut
underfeed	underfed	underfed
undergo	underwent	undergone
underlie	underlay	underlain
undersell	undersold	undersold
underspend	underspent	underspent
understand	understood	understood
undertake	undertook	undertaken
underwrite	underwrote	underwritten
undo	undid	undone
unfreeze	unfroze	unfrozen
unhang	unhung	unhung
unhide	unhid	unhidden
unknit	unknitted / unknit	unknitted / unknit
unlearn	unlearned / unlearnt	unlearned / unlearnt
unsew	unsewed	unsewn / unsewed
unsling	unslung	unslung
unspin	unspun	unspun
unstick	unstuck	unstuck
unstring	unstrung	unstrung
unweave	unwove / unweaved	unwoven / unweaved
unwind	unwound	unwound
uphold	upheld	upheld
upset	upset	upset
V
No commonly used irregular verbs beginning with "V." To view our extended dictionary including rare and antiquated forms, Click Here.
W
wake	woke / waked	woken / waked
waylay	waylaid	waylaid
wear	wore	worn
weave	wove / weaved	woven / weaved
wed	wed / wedded	wed / wedded
weep	wept	wept
wet	wet / wetted	wet / wetted
whet  REGULAR	whetted	whetted
win	won	won
wind	wound	wound
withdraw	withdrew	withdrawn
withhold	withheld	withheld
withstand	withstood	withstood
wring	wrung	wrung
write	wrote	written
X
No irregular verbs beginning with "X."
Y
No irregular verbs beginning with "Y."
Z
No irregular verbs beginning with "Z."

      Compiled By- Prof. D.S.Rathod (Mod.)                                             profdineshrathod@gmail.com

 http://profdineshrathod.blogspot.com