Prepositions & Prepositional Phrases

Prepositions are words that show a connection between other words. Most prepositions are little words like at, in and on.Prepositional phrases are groups of words, such as out of and on top of.

Preposition or Adverb?

Some words can be used either as prepositions or as adverbs. If the word is followed by a noun or a pronoun, it is a preposition.

Look at these pairs of examples. In each of the sentences marked preposition, there is a noun or pronoun after the preposition. This noun or pronoun is called the object of the preposition. Notice that objects are printed in color.

Prepositions of Place

Some prepositions show where something happens. They are called prepositions of place.

Sally was sitting under a tree.

There's a wooden floor underneath the carpet.

Some geese flew over their house.

John and Sarah were hiding inside the wardrobe.

There was a tree beside the river.

I have a friend who lives in Wyoming.

A big truck parked in front of their car.

The cat jumped on top of the cupboard.

One girl sits in the middle of the playground and the others dance round her.

Prepositions of Time

Some prepositions show when something happens. They are called prepositions of time.

School starts at nine o'clock.

I brush my teeth in the morning and at night.

We're going to the zoo on Saturday.

No, you can't watch a video. It's past your bedtime already.

I visited my grandparents during the summer.

You must finish the work by Friday.

I'll do my homework before dinner.

"Mom, can you help me with my homework?" "Not now. You'll have to wait until this afternoon."

Prepositions of Direction

Some prepositions show where something is going. They are called prepositions of direction.

The boys chased after each other.

The football rolled down the hill.

A man was walking his dog along the riverbank.

The freeway goes right through the city.

We were travelling towards Miami.

A girl went past them on a bike.

This road leads away from the stadium.

They watched the train pull out of the station.

Prepositions with Special Uses

Many prepositions are used in other ways. Here are some of them.

of

I bought a bag of rice and a quart of milk.

Would you like a glass of orange juice?

Kathleen is a member of the chess club.

I need three pieces of paper.

Most of the children in my class like school.

There are several ways of cooking meat.

for

I made this bookmark for Mom.

Is there room for me on this seat?

I'd like a new computer for Christmas.

We're going downtown for a meeting.

What's this bag for?

This word is too difficult for me to spell.

with

He pounds nails in with a hammer.

Mix the flour with water.

She painted the picture with her new paints.

Would you like to come with us to the arcade?

I can do difficult problems with help from Mom.

Who is the man with the beard?

Michael came home with dirty hands.

Cross the busy street with care.

except and instead of

I like all kinds of food except pasta.

Everyone likes chocolate except Tom.

We go to school every day except Saturday and Sunday.

You should eat fruit instead of candy.

Dad is coming to the theater with us instead of Mom.

We could watch TV instead of reading our books.

like, as and than

The words like, as and than are used to compare things.

Kathleen looks like her dad.

Andrew smiles like his mother.

Peter sings like a professional singer.

Are these shoes the same as those?

Sue is nearly as tall as the teacher.

My backpack is bigger than John's.

Dad is taller than all of us.

This painting is more beautiful than that one.

The neighborhood streets are less busy than downtown streets.

Prepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or Nouns

Prepositions are used with some adjectives. The adjectives in these examples are printed in color.

Dad was angry with us.

We were afraid of the big dog.

She's not very interested in sports.

John is very good at drawing.

Mr. Lee is pleased with our work.

The teachers are always kind to us.

What's wrong with the computer?

Prepositions are used with some verbs. The verbs in these examples are printed in color.

I'm looking for my pencil. Have you seen it?

Can you think of another word for 'pleased'?

Does this book belong to you?

We're listening toCDs.

I agree with you.

I lent my skateboard to Sue.

Tell me about the show you saw.

Cut the cake into five pieces.

They borrowed money from the bank.

               Compiled by- Prof.Dinesh S.Rathod

                      M.J.College, of Arts & Sci. Malkapur

Articles- Compiled by- Prof.D.S.Rathod

                                                         

                                                               

                                                                                                               Articles

Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. Consider the following examples:   After the long day, the cup of tea tasted particularly good.

     By using the article the, we’ve shown that it was one specific day that was long and one specific cup of tea that tasted

     By using the article a, we’ve created a general statement, implying that any cup of tea would taste good after any long day

English has two types of articles: definite and indefinite Let’s discuss them now in more details  Definite article or Indefinite article, each of the articles has different uses in different situations.

Using Indefinite Article: a & an

Rule 1:

A common noun in the singular number always requires an article before it. But a plural common noun does not require an article always. A plural common noun can have the article ‘the’ if we want to particularise that noun.

Example:

• I saw a snake. (Refers to a random snake)

• I saw snakes in a zoo. (No article is required)

• I have seen the snake again. (Refers to the snake I have already seen earlier)

• I have seen the snakes again before leaving the zoo. (Refers to the particular snakes of the zoo which I saw earlier.)

Rule 2:

The choice between the two indefinite articles – a & an – is determined by sound. Words beginning with consonant sounds precede ‘a’and words beginning with vowel sounds precede ‘an’. There are some special cases also. For instance,

• a university, a union, a useful book, etc.

• a one-dollar note, a one-man army, etc.

• an MA, a BA, an LLB, a BSC, etc.

Rule 3:

A or an - sometimes makes a Proper Noun a Common Noun. Proper nouns generally do not take any articles, but when a proper noun needs to be used as a common noun, you must bring a or an - for it. 

Example:

• He thinks he is a Shakespeare. (Here, ‘Shakespeare’ does not refer to the actual person but someone like him.)

• He seems to be an Australian. (‘Australia’ is a proper noun but ‘Australian’ is a common noun because there is only one Australia but a million of Australians.)

Rule 4:

Sometimes indefinite articles are used to refer the number ‘one’/’each’/’per’.

Example:

• I earned a thousand dollar in that job. (One thousand dollar)

• I have a car. (One car)

• It goes 50 miles an hour. (Per Hour)

Rule 5:

Indefinite articles often precede descriptive adjectives.

Example:

• He is a good boy.

• What a nice car!

Rule 6:

‘A’ sometimes comes before determiners, for example,  a few, a little, a lot of, a most, etc. but in the case of many, a or an - comes after.

Example:

• I have a few friends coming over.

• There is a little milk in the jar.

• Many a fan welcomed

Using Definite Article: the

Rule 1:

‘The’ is used to indicate a particular person(s) or thing(s) in the case of common nouns. Proper nouns generally do not take an article.

Example:

• The man is running. (A particular man)

• I saw the boy stealing.

• Where is the pen I gave you last year?

• I gave him a ball, but he lost the ball. (‘a ball’ became ‘the ball’ in the second clause because that ball was not a random ball anymore.)

Rule 2:

Sometimes ‘the’ is used to generalize a group/whole class.

Example:

• The dog is a faithful animal. (Refers to the whole species of dog.)

• The English are industrious. (Refers to the people of England as a nation)

• The honest are respected. (The+adjectives = plural noun)

• The poor are not always dishonest. (The+adjectives = plural noun)

Rule 3:

To particularise a non-count noun ‘the’ is required before it.

Example:

• The water of the Arctic ocean is freezing.

• Please return the money I lent you last year.

Rule 4:

‘The’ is mandatory before a thing which is only one of a kind in the universe.

Example:

• The moon is shining tonight.

• The earth is moving around the sun

Use of ‘the’ before geographical places :

Rule 5:

Using ‘the’ with geographical nouns generally depends on th

e size and plurality of the things those nouns refer to. ‘The’ is generally used everywhere except some cases. So, it’s better to know those exceptions first.

‘The’ must not precede:

• Names of continents: Asia, Europe, Australia, Africa, South America, North America, Antarctica.

• Names of countries: Australia, Bolivia, England, France, Spain, etc.

• Names of states, cities, or towns: Los Angeles, Alaska, Sydney, London,

• Names of streets: George street, Albion Street, New town street,

• Names of singular lakes and bays: Lake Carey, Lake Eyre, Lake Hillier, Shark Bay,

• Names of single mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Solitary, Mount Bindo, Mount Fuji, etc.

• Names of single islands: Easter Island, Bare Island, Bird Island, Fatima Island,

• Names of languages: Spanish, Russian, English,  (When ‘the’ precedes these nouns, they refer to the population of those languages.)

• Names of sports: cricket, football, basketball,

• Names of discipline/subject of studies:biology, history, computer science,mathematics, 

Note:

‘The’ is a widely used article in English. Except for the list mentioned above and proper nouns, ‘the’ is used before almost all the nouns which mean something definite/particular. The above list has some opposite factors also. Those factors are explained in the following list:   

‘The’ must precede:

• Names of oceans, gulfs, seas, and rivers: the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Coral Sea, the Timor Sea, the Persian Gulf,the Nile, the Murray River, the Darling River, etc.

• Names of countries with united states or islands: the United States of America (the USA), the UK, the UAE, the Philippines, etc.

• Names of great lakes: the Great Lakes, the African Great Lakes

• Names of mountain ranges: the Himalayas, the Alps, the Andes, etc.

• Names of a group of Islands: the West Indies, the Andamans, etc.

                                                                                               Compiled by- Prof.D.S.Rathod 

           Mpl. J.College of Arts & Sci.Malkapur

                                                                                                     profdineshrathod.blogspot.com

Q- Vll  B) 

Prepare a speech on 'Teacher's Day'

                                           (3) marks

  Respected Principal, Respected teachers of our college  and my dear fellow Students,

  It feels great to welcome you all to this auspicious occasion; since we have gathered here to celebrate one of the most admirable occasions i.e. Teacher’s Day, it’s an opportunity for me to share few words about teachers, their role in schools and colleges and their influence on the students.

   Teachers are the backbone of our society because they majorly contribute in shaping the future of a nation, i.e. students and guide them in becoming an ideal citizen of the country. Teacher’s job is full of responsibility and challenges because not every student is same and thus the teacher has to be dynamic and adopt different teaching patterns for different students.      Teaching is a social practice and more than knowledge, a teacher must be a good human being who can very well shoulder the responsibility of his/her job and understand the sensitivity of the situation where students from different backgrounds have come together for learning and thus apply skills and knowledge to the best of his/her capacity while teaching.

Some of the qualities which every teacher must possess in order to become most acceptable are:

    Enthusiasm – It is a known fact that teachers who show enthusiasm while teaching create a positive atmosphere and learning environment which help students in gaining knowledge fast and with fun. These teachers don’t follow the uniform pattern instead, they innovate teaching methods to keep the students engaged and enthusiastic.

  The most important role a teacher plays is in motivating the students; some of the students find their teacher to be a role model and try to imitate them. Thus it is very important that the teacher leaves a positive impression on each student.

    Interaction with learners – It is very important for the teacher to indulge into transparent and open discussion with the students in order to understand the capability of the learner. Some students are shy, while other may be afraid of failure. A teacher is highly trusted to build up the student emotionally and practically.

  Conventionally, teaching is considered equivalent to praying. In olden days, parents used to leave their children in gurukul (a kind of residential school where students live with the teacher for studies). This tradition was greatly supported by the trust and bond between the parents and teachers. Even today, trust is one of the most important factors which motivate parents to get their children admitted in a particular school. A teacher is considered to be the alternate parents; this makes teaching all the more challenging and full of accountability.

  In recent days, we get to hear a lot about corporal punishment. Some of the teachers get barbaric and beat students so badly that some of them don’t even survive. This is highly restricted in all over India. Though it is important for the teachers to be strict sometimes but there can be alternate methods to punish the students than harming them physically.

   Well, I would like to end this note with a huge thanks to our teachers who are so caring and compassionate. We are highly honoured to be a part of this School.

Thank You!

*वाते मुंगा मोलारी*  My Swan song 

*वानगाळो जिवन व्यवहार बदलणो इ काळेर गरज...!*

वानगाळो* ई व्यावहारिक गोरमाटी भाषा माईरो एक स्वतंत्र शब्द छ.मराठी "नाना प्रकारचे"ये आरथेरो "वानावानारो"ये व्यवहारिक गोरमाटी भाषा शब्दे माईती *वानगाळो* इ शब्द व्यावहारिक गोरमाटी भाषा व्यवहारेमं रुढ वेमेलो छ."वानगाळो" ये शब्देर एक स्वतंत्र ओळख छ. *मोटीयारगाळो* ई आलंकारिक शब्द जसो जवानीर अवस्थारो संकेत दचं,जुज *वानगाळो* इ पेनेबाज गोरमाटी भाषा शब्द आपणो आजेर सामाजिक,वाड;मयीन अन सांस्कृतिक जिवनशैलीर रुप सौंदर्येर ओळख दरसावचं.वानावानार भाषारे प्रभावेती गोरुर जिवनशैली अन विचार सौंदर्य भी आज "वानगाळो रुप" धारण करमेलो छ.आज आपण कुणसे संस्कृतीमं जगरे छा..आपणो पेनेबाज जिवनमूल्य कांयी छ ? ई कळरो छ;पणन वळरो कोनी छ...!

येरो एकमेव कारण भाषाज छ.पेनेबाज व्यवहारिक गोरमाटी भाषारो तिरस्कार इज गोरुर पेनेबाज जिवनशैली अन वाड;मयीन गोर संस्कृतीनं मारक ठररी छ,इ वास्तव केनीज नाकारतू आयेनी.भाषा इ केवळ संवादेरज साधन छेनी तो ऊ एक विचार सौंदर्य आदानप्रदान करेर एक प्रमुख साधन भी छ.आज पेनेबाज व्यावहारिक गोरमाटी भाषारो स्वरुप बदलगो. बापेनं "तम"केयेर वयीवाट रुढ वेगी.वानगाळे जिवन व्यवहारेती हामार वैचारिक पातळी भी घसरगी.बोडी आपणे जेट अन संसरेनं नाम लेन संबोधे लाग.धणी आपणे गोंण्णीनं नाम लेन हाकारेन लग्गो.बोडी आपणे सासू ससरे मुंड्यागं बोडकी,गाऊन पेरन हिंडे लाग.नाते संबंधेमं एक पेनेबाज वयीवाट रं,ऊ जिवनमूल्य सदा ढासळगो...!

"वर्जन" Avoidance, "संकेत नाम नातो" Tekonymy, ये समाज शास्त्रीय नाता संकेत आज गोरमाटी संस्कृती माईती हद्दपार वेगे छ."परिसास संबंध नातो" Joking Relationship ये नातेर मर्यादा घसरगी.मनक्यानं *माटी* बणायेर कुवत आजेर प्रचलित गोरमाटी भाषा व्यवस्थामं आजीबात रेगी कोनी..!

भाषा इ संस्कृतीर वाहन छ.पेनेबाज व्यवहारिक गोरमाटी भाषा इ गोरुर वाड;मयीन संस्कृतीरो आरसा छ.आज आपणे पेनेबाज व्यावहारिक गोरमाटी भाषा व्यवहारे माईती "याडी,बा,भेनोयी, वडारी,वचेट वडारी,नानक्या वडारी,भाया,नणदोयी ये से पेनेबाज नाम संकेत हद्दपार वेगे.आजेर प्रचलित गोरमाटी भाषा व्यवस्थारे आरसामं आपणेनं आपणे वाड;मयीन संस्कृतीरो मुंडो अन आपणे जिवन मूल्येरो मूंडो भी "वानगाळो" दखायेन लग्गो छ.

गण जीवनेर भावना पार बदलगी. *मन कांयी करलेयेर छ*! ई आत्मकेंद्री भावना बळकट वेती जारी छ.हाम *न धड गोरुमं अन न धड कोरेमं*! ई हामार जिवनमूल्येर ओळख निश्चित वेरी छ... *भाषा बदलगी...बानो बदलगो...बानी भी बदलगी*! *टेस ये शब्देर व्याख्या बदलगी..से बेभान छ*!

व्यावहारिक गोरमाटी भाषा इ वाड;मयेर भाषा छ.गोरमाटी संस्कृती ई सदा वाड;मयीन संस्कृती छ.ये वाड;मयीन संस्कृती माईरो "नातलो, ओळंग,साकी,साकतर, टेर,लेंगी,झोळीगीद,वाजणा,डड्याळ गीद,चोटे, दोयरा" ये व्यावहारिक गोरमाटी भाषार अस्तित्वेर ओळख भी हद्दपार वेगी.ये वाड;मयीन गोरमाटी संस्कृतीरो आधिबंध थेट जगजेष्ट सिंधू संस्कृतीनं जान भिडचं. ये जगविख्यात संस्कृतीरे पेनेर सदा हाम *बानी* कोनी रकाडे छ...!

आज हाम एक महान जगजेष्ट संस्कृतीर *वेसुलार* ओळख सदा *वानगाळो* करन बेग दिने ई शोकांतिका छ..!

आपण भाषिक,वांशिक अन सांस्कृतिक वेगळोपणो कायम रकाडणू इ आज काळेर गरज छ.नतो पचं हरप्पार पतनेर बाद पणिर वलाद गोरमाटी पेना जू जगभर विकरागे जुज आजी एकवणा विकरायेनं आब जादा लागेवाळ छेनी.

आपण से भायी संघटित रेन आपणो सांस्कृतिक, भाषिक, वाड;मयीन ये पेनेबाज जिवनमूल्य व्यवहार जतन रकाडा,येमज आपणो भलो छ..!!!

*सवारेरो आयेवाळो वघम घणो कठीण छ..संघटित रेणो गरजेर छ*...!

                   भीमणीपुत्र*
        *मोहन गणुजी नायक